Numerari from KnowledgeDoor---The scientific calculator with graphing, unit keypads, complex numbers, constants, advanced functions, user-defined keys, quick copy, and
more! Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)

Cerium

Cerium Navigation

Other Elements

By Name

By Symbol

By Number

Quantity

Cerium Quick Reference

Click button to see citations

Notes

Symbol

Ce

Atomic Number

58

Atomic Weight

Rounded

140.12

for regular calculations

Standard

140.116 ± 0.001

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

4

less common with disagreement

3

more common

2

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

1.12

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f1 5d1

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

1G4

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 5.5387 eV       

II  (2)

10.85 eV         

III (3)

20.198 ± 0.003 eV

IV  (4)

36.758 ± 0.005 eV

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.955 ± 0.026 eV

Density

liquid, 1071.15 K

6.680 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

6.770 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

20.69 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1070 ± 3 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

3716.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K, polycrystalline

13.3 W/(m K) 

extrapolated or interpolated

300 K, polycrystalline

11.4 W/(m K) 

298.2 K, polycrystalline

11.3 W/(m K) 

273.2 K, polycrystalline

10.8 W/(m K) 

extrapolated or interpolated

200 K, polycrystalline

 9.00 W/(m K)

extrapolated or interpolated

see all 42 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

163 pm

double bond

137 pm

triple bond

131 pm

Atomic Radius

183 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

8.87 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

313.8 kJ/mol

Quantity

Cerium Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 5.5387 eV       

II  (2)

10.85 eV         

III (3)

20.198 ± 0.003 eV

IV  (4)

36.758 ± 0.005 eV

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.955 ± 0.026 eV

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

40443 eV  

LI   (2s)

 6549 eV  

LII  (2p1/2)

 6164 eV  

LIII (2p3/2)

 5723 eV  

see all 18 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f1 5d1

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

1G4

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

56.8481

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

56.8481

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

21.3700

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

42.7400

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 13 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

93.7%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.910

ωL1

0.058

ωL2

0.110

ωL3

0.111

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.19 

F13

0.25 

F23

0.158

Quantity

Cerium Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 1071.15 K

6.680 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

6.770 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

140.12 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

140.116 ± 0.001 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

20.69 cm3/mol

Physical Form

silvery metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

6.3×10-6 K-1

Speed of Sound

α-cerium, solid, 293 K

2100 m/s

calculated value

Young's Modulus

β-cerium

33.6 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

β-cerium

0.248

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

81×10-8 Ohm m

Photoelectric Work Function

2.84 eV

Thermionic Work Function

2.6 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

5 GPa

1.7 K

maximum temperature

Mineralogical Hardness

2.5

Vickers Hardness

cast, 293 K

235 MN/m2 to 294 MN/m2

forged, 293 K

471 MN/m2

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

γ-cerium, 300 K

23.9 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

γ-cerium, 300 K

0.0418 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

21 cm3

Quantity

Cerium Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

4

less common with disagreement

3

more common

2

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

1.12

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.08

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.12

Nagle Electronegativity

1.05

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

1.5

oxidation state: 3

1.15

Cohesive Energy

per mole

417 kJ/mol    

per atom

  4.32 eV/atom

Quantity

Cerium Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1070 ± 3 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

3716.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K, polycrystalline

13.3 W/(m K) 

extrapolated or interpolated

300 K, polycrystalline

11.4 W/(m K) 

298.2 K, polycrystalline

11.3 W/(m K) 

273.2 K, polycrystalline

10.8 W/(m K) 

extrapolated or interpolated

200 K, polycrystalline

 9.00 W/(m K)

extrapolated or interpolated

see all 42 conductivities ...

Critical Point

10400 K

Vapor Pressure

3432 °C

100 kPa

2886 °C

10 kPa

2481 °C

1 kPa

2169 °C

100 Pa

1921 °C

10 Pa

1719 °C

1 Pa

Neel Point

13 K

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

8.87 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

313.8 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

26.94 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.192 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

12.8 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

179 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

138 K

Quantity

Cerium Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-45-1

DOT Number

slabs, ingots or rods

1333

turnings or gritty powder

3078

Quantity

Cerium Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

183 pm

Orbital Radius

197.8 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

163 pm

double bond

137 pm

triple bond

131 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

204 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 6

115 pm  

coordination number: 7

121 pm  

coordination number: 8

128.3 pm

coordination number: 9

133.6 pm

coordination number: 10

139 pm  

coordination number: 12

148 pm  

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 6

101 pm  

coordination number: 8

111 pm  

coordination number: 10

121 pm  

coordination number: 12

128 pm  

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 6

101 pm  

coordination number: 7

107 pm  

coordination number: 8

114.3 pm

coordination number: 9

119.6 pm

coordination number: 10

125 pm  

coordination number: 12

134 pm  

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 6

 87 pm  

coordination number: 8

 97 pm  

coordination number: 10

107 pm  

coordination number: 12

114 pm  

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

101 pm

ion charge: +3

111 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

127 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

185 pm

Quantity

Cerium Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-cerium

symbol

αCe

allotrope

β-cerium

symbol

βCe

allotrope

γ-cerium

symbol

γCe

allotrope

δ-cerium

symbol

δCe

allotrope

α'-cerium

symbol

α'Ce

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

365 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

2.91×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Cerium History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1803

discoverer

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

birth

August 20, 1779

death

August 7, 1848

discoverer

Wilhelm Hisinger

birth

December, 1766

death

June 28, 1852

location of discovery

Vestmanland, Sweden

Origin of Element Name

origin

Ceres

origin description

celestial body—Asteroid

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Ce

origin

cerium

origin description

element name

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

name

cererium

no matching symbol specified

Quantity

Cerium Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

6.65×101 ppm

Earth's Mantle

1786 ppb

primitive mantle

Bulk Earth

1.13 ppm

Ocean Water

1.2×10-6 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

34 ppm

Ridge

8.4 ppm

U.S. Coal

21 ppm

Human Body

40 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

2.7 ppm

Human Hair

0.25 ppm

Human Kidney

0.013 ppm

Human Liver

0.29 ppm

Human Nail

0.6 ppm

Ferns

1 ppm to 16 ppm

Fungi

<0.1 ppm

Solar System

1.136

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

1.58 ± 0.09

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Meteorites

1.63 ± 0.02

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity

Cerium Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

cérium

German

Cer

Italian

cerio

Spanish

cerio

Portuguese

cério

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

ceride

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

cerium (general)

Ce3+, cerium(3+)

Ce4+, cerium(4+)

Ligands

cerido

Heteroatomic Anion

cerate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

cera

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

cery

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

Allred, A. L. "Electronegativity Values from Thermochemical Data." Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, volume 17, number 3-4, 1961, pp. 215–221. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5

Anders, Edward, and Nicolas Grevesse. "Abundances of the Elements: Meteoritic and Solar." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, volume 53, number 1, 1989, pp. 197–214. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X

Bowen, H. J. M. Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. London: Academic Press, Inc., 1979.

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 85, number 2, 2003, pp. 291–315. doi:10.1016/S0092-640X(03)00059-7

Cardarelli, François. Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2nd edition. London: Springer–Verlag, 2008.

Clementi, E., D. L. Raimondi, and W. P. Reinhardt. "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 47, number 4, 1967, pp. 1300–1307. doi:10.1063/1.1712084

Cohen, E. Richard, David R. Lide, and George L. Trigg, editors. AlP Physics Desk Reference, 3rd edition. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003.

Connelly, Neil G., Ture Damhus, Richard M. Hartshorn, and Alan T. Hutton. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Cambridge: RSC Publishing, 2005.

Cordero, Beatriz, Verónica Gómez, Ana E. Platero-Prats, Marc Revés, Jorge Echeverría, Eduard Cremades, Flavia Barragán, and Santiago Alvarez. "Covalent Radii Revisited." Dalton Transactions, number 21, 2008, pp 2832–2838. doi:10.1039/b801115j

Cox, P. A. The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Davis, V. T., and J. S. Thompson. "Measurement of the Electron Affinity of Cerium." Physical Review Letters, volume 88, number 7, 2002, pp. 073003–1 to 073003–4. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.073003

de Podesta, Michael. Understanding the Properties of Matter, 2nd edition. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

Debessai, M., J. J. Hamlin, and J. S. Schilling. "Comparison of the Pressure Dependences of Tc in the Trivalent d-Electron Superconductors Sc, Y, La, and Lu up to Megabar Pressures." Physical Review B, volume 78, number 6, 2008, pp. 064519–1 to 064519–10. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.064519

Donohue, Jerry. The Structures Of The Elements, 2nd edition. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1974.

Dronskowski, Richard. Computational Chemistry of Solid State Materials. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005.

Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Emsley, John. The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Filyand, M. A., and E. I. Semenova. Handbook of the Rare Elements: Radioactive Elements and Rare Earth Elements, volume 3. Translated by Michael E. Alferieff. London: Oldbourne Book Co. Ltd., 1970.

Firestone, Richard B. Table of Isotopes, 8th edition, volume 2. Edited by Virginia S. Shirley, with assistant editors Coral M. Baglin, S. Y. Frank Chu, and Jean Zipkin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

Greenwood, N. N., and A. Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

Gwyn Williams. Electron Binding Energies. http://www.jlab.org/~gwyn/ebindene.html. Accessed on April 30, 2010.

Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell, and P. E. Liley. "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 3, supplement 1, 1974, pp. I–1 to I–796.

Horvath, A. L. "Critical Temperature of Elements and the Periodic System." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 50, number 5, 1973, pp. 335–336. doi:10.1021/ed050p335

Huheey, James E., Ellen A. Keiter, and Richard L Keiter. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993.

Ihde, Aaron J. The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1984.

Jr., Elbert J. Little,, and Mark M. Jones. "A Complete Table of Electronegativities." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 37, number 5, 1960, pp. 231–233. doi:10.1021/ed037p231

King, H. W. "Temperature-Dependent Allotropic Structures of the Elements." Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, volume 3, number 2, 1982, pp. 275–276. doi:10.1007/BF02892394

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.

Konings, Rudy J. M., and Ondrej Beneš. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the f-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 39, number 4, 2010, pp. 043102–1 to 043102–47. doi:10.1063/1.3474238

Krause, M. O. "Atomic Radiative and Radiationless Yields for K and L Shells." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 8, number 2, 1979, pp. 307–327.

Li, Y.-H., and J. E. Schoonmaker. "Chemical Composition and Mineralogy of Marine Sediments." pp. 1–36 in Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks. Edited by Fred T. Mackenzie. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Lide, David R., editor. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edition. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

Manuel, O., editor. Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957 Observations. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

Marshall, James L. Discovery of the Elements: A Search for the Fundamental Principles of the Universe, 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002.

Marshall, James L. "A Living Periodic Table." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 77, number 8, 2000, pp. 979–983. doi:10.1021/ed077p979

Martin, W. C. "Electronic Structure of the Elements." The European Physical Journal C — Particles and Fields, volume 15, number 1–4, 2000, pp. 78–79. doi:10.1007/BF02683401

Martin, W. C., Romuald Zalubas, and Lucy Hagan. Atomic Energy Levels—The Rare-Earth Elements. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1978.

McDonough, W. F. "Compositional Model for the Earth's Core." pp. 547–568 in The Mantle and Core. Edited by Richard W. Carlson. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Mechtly, Eugene A. "Properties of Materials." pp. 4–1 to 4–33 in Reference Data For Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer, and Communications. By Mac E. Van Valkenburg, edited by Wendy M. Middleton. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. doi:10.1016/B978-075067291-7/50006-6

Miessler, Gary L., and Donald A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

Nagle, Jeffrey K. "Atomic Polarizability and Electronegativity." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 112, number 12, 1990, pp. 4741–4747. doi:10.1021/ja00168a019

Orem, W. H., and R. B. Finkelman. "Coal Formation and Geochemistry." pp. 191–222 in Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks. Edited by Fred T. Mackenzie. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Oxtoby, David W., H. P. Gillis, and Alan Campion. Principles of Modern Chemistry, 6th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2008.

Palme, H., and Hugh St. C. O'Neill. "Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition." pp. 1–38 in The Mantle and Core. Edited by Richard W. Carlson. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Pauling, Linus. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.

Pekka Pyykkö. Self-Consistent, Year-2009 Covalent Radii. http://www.chem.helsinki.fi/~pyykko/Radii09.pdf. Accessed on November 20, 2010.

Prohaska, Thomas, Johanna Irrgeher, Jacqueline Benefield, John K. Böhlke, Lesley A. Chesson, Tyler B. Coplen, Tiping Ding, Philip J. H. Dunn, Manfred Gröning, Norman E. Holden, Harro A. J. Meijer, Heiko Moossen, Antonio Possolo, Yoshio Takahashi, Jochen Vogl, Thomas Walczyk, Jun Wang, Michael E. Wieser, Shigekazu Yoneda, Xiang-Kun Zhu, and Juris Meija. "Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry, volume 94, number 5, 2022, pp. 573–600. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li-E112." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 46, 2009, pp. 12770–12779. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 1, 2009, pp. 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987

Pyykkö, Pekka, Sebastian Riedel, and Michael Patzschke. "Triple-Bond Covalent Radii." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 11, number 12, 2005, pp. 3511–3520. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299

Ringnes, Vivi. "Origin of the Names of Chemical Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 66, number 9, 1989, pp. 731–738. doi:10.1021/ed066p731

Rohrer, Gregory S. Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Samsonov, G. V., editor. Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1968.

Sansonetti, J. E., and W. C. Martin. "Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data." Journal Of Physical And Chemical Reference Data, volume 34, number 4, 2005, pp. 1559–2259. doi:10.1063/1.1800011

Scientific Group Thermodata Europe (SGTE). Pure Substances: Part 1—Elements and Compounds from AgBr to Ba3N2. Edited by I. Hurtado and D. Neuschütz. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. doi:10.1007/10652891_3

Shannon, R. D. "Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic Studies of Interatomic Distances in Halides and Chalcogenides." Acta Crystallographica Section A, volume 32, number 5, 1976, pp. 751–767. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551

Silbey, Robert J., Robert A. Alberty, and Moungi G. Bawendi. Physical Chemistry, 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

Singman, Charles N. "Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 61, number 2, 1984, pp. 137–142. doi:10.1021/ed061p137

Slater, J. C. "Atomic Radii in Crystals." The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 41, number 10, 1964, pp. 3199–3204. doi:10.1063/1.1725697

Smith, Derek W. "Electronegativity in Two Dimensions: Reassessment and Resolution of the Pearson-Pauling Paradox." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 67, number 11, 1990, pp. 911–914. doi:10.1021/ed067p911

Smith, Derek W. Inorganic Substances: A Prelude to the Study of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Stewart, G. R. "Measurement of low-temperature specific heat." Review of Scientific Instruments, volume 54, number 1, 1983, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1063/1.1137207

Stewart, G. R. "Measurement of Low-Temperature Specific Heat." Review of Scientific Instruments, volume 54, number 1, 1983, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1063/1.1137207

Tari, A. The Specific Heat of Matter at Low Temperatures. London: Imperial College Press, 2003.

U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Transport Canada (TC), Secretariat of Transport and Communications of Mexico (SCT), and Centro de Información Química para Emergencias (CIQUIME). 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook.

Vainshtein, Boris K., Vladimir M. Fridkin, and Vladimir L. Indenbom. Structure of Crystals, 2nd edition. Modern Crystallography 2. Edited by Boris K. Vainshtein, A. A. Chernov, and L. A. Shuvalov. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

Voigt, H. H., editor. Landolt–Börnstein—Group VI Astronomy and Astrophysics. Berlin: Springer–Verlag, 1993.

Waber, J. T., and Don T. Cromer. "Orbital Radii of Atoms and Ions." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 42, number 12, 1965, pp. 4116–4123. doi:10.1063/1.1695904

Wagman, Donald D., William H. Evans, Vivian B. Parker, Richard H. Schumm, Iva Halow, Sylvia M. Bailey, Kenneth L. Churney, and Ralph L. Nuttall. "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 11, supplement 2, 1982, pp. 2–1 to 2–392.

Waldron, Kimberley A., Erin M. Fehringer, Amy E. Streeb, Jennifer E. Trosky, and Joshua J. Pearson. "Screening Percentages Based on Slater Effective Nuclear Charge as a Versatile Tool for Teaching Periodic Trends." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 78, number 5, 2001, pp. 635–639. doi:10.1021/ed078p635

Weeks, Mary Elvira, and Henry M. Leicester. Discovery of the Elements, 7th edition. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education, 1968.

Yaws, Carl L. "Liquid Density of the Elements." Chemical Engineering, volume 114, number 12, 2007, pp. 44–46.

Yaws, Carl L. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company, 2005.

Heaven's Boulevard astronomical sky image for any location, date, and time.
Personalize with a picture and message. Great gift for birthdays, anniversaries, or any special event. Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)