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Aluminum

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Aluminum Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Al

Atomic Number

13

Atomic Weight

Rounded

26.982

for regular calculations

Standard

26.9815384 ± 0.0000003

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

3

more common

1

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.61

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Term Symbol

2P1/2

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

  5.985768 eV         

II  (2)

 18.82855 eV          

III (3)

 28.44765 ± 0.00008 eV

IV  (4)

119.992 ± 0.002 eV    

see all 13 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.43283 ± 0.00005 eV

 3491.0 ± 0.4 cm-1  

Density

liquid

1200 K

2.294 g/ml 

1000 K

2.357 g/ml 

solid

400 K

2.681 g/cm3

300 K

2.698 g/cm3

25 °C

2.700 g/cm3

200 K

2.713 g/cm3

100 K

2.725 g/cm3

see all 24 densities ...

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

10.00 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1 atm

933.473 K

ITS-90 fixed point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

2790.81 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

240 W/(m K)

300 K

237 W/(m K)

298.2 K

237 W/(m K)

273.2 K

236 W/(m K)

200 K

237 W/(m K)

see all 47 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

126 pm

double bond

113 pm

triple bond

111 pm

Atomic Radius

143 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

10.67 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

293.72 kJ/mol

Quantity

Aluminum Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

  5.985768 eV         

II  (2)

 18.82855 eV          

III (3)

 28.44765 ± 0.00008 eV

IV  (4)

119.992 ± 0.002 eV    

see all 13 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.43283 ± 0.00005 eV

 3491.0 ± 0.4 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

1559.6 eV 

LI   (2s)

 117.8 eV 

LII  (2p1/2)

  72.95 eV

LIII (2p3/2)

  72.55 eV

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Term Symbol

2P1/2

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

12.5910

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

12.5910

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

 4.1068

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

 8.2136

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 5 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

73.1%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.039   

ωL1

0.000026

ωL2

0.00075 

ωL3

0.00075 

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.32

F13

0.64

Quantity

Aluminum Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid

1200 K

2.294 g/ml 

1000 K

2.357 g/ml 

solid

400 K

2.681 g/cm3

300 K

2.698 g/cm3

25 °C

2.700 g/cm3

200 K

2.713 g/cm3

100 K

2.725 g/cm3

see all 24 densities ...

Molar Mass

Rounded

26.982 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

26.9815384 ± 0.0000003 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

10.00 cm3/mol

Physical Form

silvery-white metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

23.1×10-6 K-1

293 K

22.9×10-6 K-1

283 K

22.42×10-6 K-1

85 K

9.87×10-6 K-1

75 K

8.18×10-6 K-1

65 K

6.32×10-6 K-1

see all 29 coefficients ...

Speed of Sound

solid

room temperature, rolled, longitudinal wave

6420 m/s

room temperature, rolled, shear wave

3040 m/s

room temperature, rolled, extensional wave

5000 m/s

20 °C

longitudinal wave

6374 m/s

shear wave

3111 m/s

Specific Gravity

68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

2.70

Young's Modulus

70.2 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.345

Electrical Resistivity

solid

200 K

1.584×10-8 Ohm m

273 K

2.417×10-8 Ohm m

293 K

2.650×10-8 Ohm m

300 K

2.733×10-8 Ohm m

400 K

3.875×10-8 Ohm m

see all 41 resistivities ...

Contact Potential

3.38 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.08 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

1.1810 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point

single-crystal nanowire, 30 nm diameter

1.9 K   

single-crystal nanowire, 70 nm diameter

1.7 K   

Superconducting Critical Magnetic Field at Absolute Zero

105×10-4 T

Superconducting Energy Gap

0 K

3.4×10-4 eV

Mineralogical Hardness

2.75

Vickers Hardness

293 K

167 MN/m2

473 K

108 MN/m2

see all 4 hardnesses ...

Reflectivity

surface polished

1.0 μm

71%

2.0 μm

82%

4.0 μm

92%

see all 6 reflectivities ...

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

72.2 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.01385 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

10 cm3

Quantity

Aluminum Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

3

more common

1

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.61

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

hybridsp2

1.83

hybridsp3

1.71

oxidation state: 1, orbitalp

0.91

Sanderson Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.714

oxidation state: 2

1.63

oxidation state: 1

0.84

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.47

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

9.539 eV

Pauling units

1.613   

Allen Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.613

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.61

Boyd-Edgecombe Electronegativity

1.58

Ghosh-Gupta Electronegativity

4.6393 eV

Nagle Electronegativity

1.55

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

3.23 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.5

Free Electron Fermi Surface Parameters

300 K

electron concentration

18.06×1022 cm-3

radius parameter

2.07

fermi wavevector

1.75×108 cm-1

fermi velocity

2.02×108 cm/s

fermi energy

11.63 eV

fermi temperature

13.49×104 K

Chemical Hardness

2.77 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

327 kJ/mol    

per atom

  3.39 eV/atom

Quantity

Aluminum Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1 atm

933.473 K

ITS-90 fixed point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

2790.81 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

240 W/(m K)

300 K

237 W/(m K)

298.2 K

237 W/(m K)

273.2 K

236 W/(m K)

200 K

237 W/(m K)

see all 47 conductivities ...

Critical Point

8550 K

Vapor Pressure

2517 °C

100 kPa

2091 °C

10 kPa

1781 °C

1 kPa

1544 °C

100 Pa

1359 °C

10 Pa

1209 °C

1 Pa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

10.67 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

293.72 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

24.20 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.897 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

1.35 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

433 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

390 K

Quantity

Aluminum Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7429-90-5

DOT Number

molten

9260

powder, coated

1309

powder, pyrophoric

1383

powder, uncoated

1396

ICSC Number

powder

0988

RTECS Number

BD0330000

UN Number

powder

1396

Quantity

Aluminum Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

143 pm

Orbital Radius

131.2 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

126 pm

double bond

113 pm

triple bond

111 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

121 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 4

53 pm  

coordination number: 5

62 pm  

coordination number: 6

67.5 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 4

39 pm  

coordination number: 5

48 pm  

coordination number: 6

53.5 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

72 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

2.1×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

240 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

125 pm

Quantity

Aluminum Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-aluminum

symbol

αAl

alternate symbol

Al-I

allotrope

β-aluminum

symbol

βAl

alternate symbol

Al-II

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

286 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

6.02×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Aluminum History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1825

discoverer

Hans Christian Oersted

birth

August 14, 1777

death

March 9, 1851

location of discovery

Copenhagen, Denmark

Origin of Element Name

origin

alumen

origin description

mineral—Latin for alum

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Al

origin

aluminum

origin description

element name

Quantity

Aluminum Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

8.23×104 ppm

Earth's Mantle

23800 ppm

primitive mantle

Bulk Earth

1.59%

Ocean Water

0.005 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

2.73%

Ridge

0.5%

River Water

0.4 ppm

U.S. Coal

1.5%

Human Body

60 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

4 ppm to 27 ppm

Human Hair

4 ppm to 29 ppm

Human Kidney

1.5 ppm to 27 ppm

Human Liver

3 ppm to 23 ppm

Human Muscle

0.7 ppm to 28 ppm

Human Nail

130 ppm to 930 ppm

Bacteria

210 ppm

Ferns

230 ppm

Fungi

30 ppm to 350 ppm

Solar System

8.49×104

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

6.47 ± 0.07

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Moon

Terrae

10.1 ± 0.9 %

Maria

6.5 ± 0.6 %

Average

9.4%

Meteorites

6.48 ± 0.01

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Halley's Comet

6.8 ± 1.7 atoms

number of atoms for every 100 atoms of magnesium

Quantity

Aluminum Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

aluminium

German

Aluminium

Italian

alluminio

Spanish

aluminio

Portuguese

alumínio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

aluminide (general)

Al-, aluminide(1-)

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

aluminium (general)

Al+, aluminium(1+)

Al3+, aluminium(3+)

Ligands

aluminido (general)

Al-, aluminido(1-)

Heteroatomic Anion

aluminate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

alumina

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

aluminy

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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